The summer of 2000 brought armyworms and a panic among the lawn enthusiasts, poor souls. The stench of pesticides wafted through the neighborhood for weeks. I asked several of my neighbors if they had noticed anything unusual about nature in general. The change was subtle, and it hadn’t occurred to anyone that there were few if any birds; the air was quiet. After the plague had abated, the birds reappeared, probably filling in from adjacent bird territories. I dare say the birds that were destroyed may have kept the armyworms in check. Unhampered nature seems to have a way of maintaining equilibrium. The year of 2001 brought a concerned watch for armyworms, and people were talking about spraying as a preventative measure, but at least in our neck of the woods, temperance prevailed. In an age that people demand instant gratification, chemical companies have little problem convincing people and commercial growers that pesticides are the solution to all their problems and, since this has been going on for decades, the land is poisoned as well as depleted.
Years ago, I learned that insecticides have destroyed untold valuable acres of home gardens and commercial farmland. Due to the popularity of pesticide application, non-point source pesticide pollution has now become a point source pollution problem because the entire neighborhood is often affected.
A long time horticulture instructor and commercial grower taught me that the soil is a living thing, with earthworms and myriad other organisms. The first lesson he taught as a horticulturist was that “Dirt is what you clean from under your fingernails; soil is what you grow things in.” The words we use determine our perceptions and attitudes about the soil, as well as world around us.
A traditional fruit, such as apples, cherries, peaches and plums has problems that are often related to soil and cultural practices. Fruit trees, for example, respond directly to the quality of the soil. Everyone has noticed the poor quality of fruit in the grocery store. They are cosmetically perfect, but tasteless and mushy. In short, they aren’t fit to throw, and the reason for this is the soil. To create cosmetically perfect, fruit commercial growers must spray insecticides to prevent insect damage. Aside from the obvious hazards to birds and other wildlife, the insecticide drips to the ground sterilizing the soil. The tree responds to this change in the soil by producing more than the normal amount of cellulose in its fruit, which in turn, attracts insects or their larvae. Understand that the insects are not after the sugar in fruit, but rather the cellulose. Park under caterpillar infested trees in the summer to observe this. The poop on your windshield is sugar syrup. Consequently, the cycle becomes vicious. The more the grower sprays to kill the pests that mar fruits destined for commercial markets, the more he must spray - as many as four to six applications per season. Sure, the insects will spoil some of the fruit if you don’t spray, but before the borers eventually destroyed the trees, when we had peaches, you had to stand bent over to eat them they were so sweet and juicy.
Organic gardening practices such as composting will improve the soil to the point that plant materials are generally healthy and under little stress. However, some domesticated fruit trees, cultivated for many generations are simply hereditary magnets for borers and other pests and cannot be grown without intervention. The use of even acceptable organic methods of pest control such as dormant oils, herbal or insect brews are a time consuming and labor intensive process. I use natural organic pest controls on our property. I find them to be, for the most part, ineffective, as the toll taken by insect pests is considerable.
Additionally, I have a collection of tree nets that I use for whatever happens to be in production at the time to fend off the birds.
A tree that doesn’t thrive once established, that attracts insects and is continually under stress, simply isn’t suited to the site, which is precisely why it’s sick. Since it cannot be transplanted, it should be removed after it ceases to be productive and replaced with another type of tree better suited to the local climate and soil. This is as hard to acknowledge and do as thinning fruit for better yield, but must be done in consideration of the economy of time.
As my traditional fruits die off because of borers I resist replacing them, much to the dismay of family and friends. “Apples, peaches and plums are too good not to have!” True enough, but the sheer variety of newly introduced and delicious fruits, most of which have very few if any pest problems, were enough to wean us from our old tastes and habits. I made a conscious choice some years ago to phase out any plant materials that could not compete on their own in this part of the country (Oklahoma) without pesticide intervention.